In general, a reference is something that refers to or designates something else, or acts as a connection or a link between two things. The objects it links may be concrete, such as books or locations, or abstract, such as data, thoughts, or memories. The object which is named by a reference, or to which the reference points, is the referent.
The term reference is used with different specialized meanings in a variety of fields, as follows:
More on [ Reference ]

AIS World Ph.D. Page - is a modest attempt to put together online resources of particular use to current or prospective Ph.D. students in information systems.
AuditNet - Free Resources for Auditors includes fraud, CSA, performance measurement, audit programs, workpapers, ICQ's, job postings, resumes and career information.
Meta Description: [ Internal Audit - AuditNet is the Web portal and online
community for the internal audit profession provides free audit work programs, ICQ's,
checklists, monographs, workpapers, job opportunities and more. ]
Baskent University MIS and MS Courses - By Kemal Ilter
Meta Description: [ kltr.info ]
CIO and IT Tool Kits - This site contains the tools that Janco uses in it international consulting practice.
Meta Description: [ Policies Procedures Templates and IT Job Descriptions ]
CRM Today - Library - Articles - A collection of articles on customer relationship management issues by using information technology.
Meta Description: [ Join #1 CRM Resource Center for Customer Relationship Management and Marketing. Read and download articles, opinions, viewpoints and stories, from leading CRM experts and gurus. CRM Today covers Customer Relationship Management, eCRM, ERM, PRM, Call Centers, Customer Service, Customer Relationshi... ]
Doctoral Programs - a list of 104 doctoral degree programs in information-related fields, such as computer science, information systems or library and information science.
DSSResources.com - Web-based knowledge repository of decision support systems information.
Meta Description: [ DSSResources.COM is the premier source of Decision Support Systems information on the Web. DSSResources.COM is a web-based knowledge repository. The mission is to help people use information technologies to improve decision-making. Covering business intelligence, data warehousing, decision suppor... ]
ERP -- Enterprise Resource Planning - links to books, cases, and other resources.
Faculty Directory - Information Systems Faculty and Researchers from around the globe.
Meta Description: [ Searchable Directory of Management Information Systems faculty and researchers around the world. Management Information Systems Research Center, Information and Decision Sciences Department, Carlson School, University of Minnesota and Association for Information Systems. ]
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Federal Architecture Framework - to develop a Federal Conceptual Framework and Model for Information Architecture under the auspices of the Clinger-Cohen Act and within the guidance of OMB.
Meta Description: [ The Office of Technology Strategy mission is providing leadership and direction for these issues in the federal government. ]
Graduate Programs - links to 112 graduate degree programs worldwide in information systems.
Information Systems Audit and Control Association - Worldwide association of Information Systems professionals dedicated to the audit, control, and security of financial and operating information systems.
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Information Systems Departments -
Information Systems Foundations - by Jessup and Valacich.
Information Tools for Exploring Personal Morality - Web-based tools to help people better understand themselves and their values.
IS/IT Academic Research Centers - to provide information of common interest to researchers around the world.
ISWorld -- Survey Instruments in Information Systems - to provide researchers with actual survey instruments used in IS -- either in full text or via links to the appropriate citations.
ISWorld Net - Provides information management scholars and practitioners with a single entry point to resources related to information systems technology.
Journals - shown in alphabetical sequence.
Michael's Reference - Selected Computing, Networking and Telecommunications Resources by Michael C. Bray.
Meta Description: [ Selected Computing, Networking and Telecommunications Resources. My humble attempt to put all of the reference links I need in one place and create a useful and entertaining reference site for my guests. ]
MIS group, University of York, UK - Contains refereed publications that are examples of research undertaken in the MIS group at York; or refereed as part of a book, journal or conference.
Meta Description: [ The following are all (a) examples of research in the MIS group (b) refereed publications (c) available on line ]
MIS sites - Sites to search for articles and papers, and specialist sites from the MIS course at the University of York.
Meta Description: [ List of useful on-line sources of general information on Information Systems and Management for students of Management and Information Systems. ]
NewEconomyIndex - examines what's actually new about the so-called New Economy and offers policy makers a framework for economic development strategies aimed at promoting fast, and widely shared economic growth and prosperity.
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Ontology Repository - A compilation of information on ontologies in conjunction with research on intelligent agents.
Popkin Software Zachman Frameworks - Popkin Software's Zackman Frameworks Federal Systems Division is dedicated to promoting enterprise modeling and architecture.
Meta Description: [ Telelogic's solutions for government include Enterprise Architecture for FEA (e-Government), DoDAF (formerly C4ISR), and MODAF; Requirements Management; and Procurement Management. ]
Research and Scholarship - intended to provide professors and students of information systems with a useful starting point for accessing WWW-based material related to research and scholarship in the field of information systems. Division Editor: George R. Widmeyer.
Strategic MIS readings - A readings list for an MBA MIS course and an undergraduate Strategic MIS course.
Teaching and Learning - provides an entry point for all material related to teaching and pedagogy, learning support systems and curriculum in the field of information systems. Division Editor: Simha R. Magal.
The HURIS Group - presents more than 4,400 skill descriptors organized into a 196 interlinked segments.
Meta Description: [ The HURIS Skills Directory presents more than 7,000 skill descriptors organized into 200 interlinked modules. ]
The InterNeg: Article and Reports - This section contains discussion papers, research reports and research articles on negotiation, negotiation analysis and support and related areas.
The Zachman Institute for Framework Advancement - a network of information professionals who understand the critical role of enterprise architecture in the ability of the enterprise to successfully participate in the global economy of the 21st century.
Meta Description: [ ZIFA, The Zachman Institute for Framework Advancement's mission is the use, implementation, and advancement of the Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture. ]
Virtual Organizations: simply business as usual? - Examines contrasting views of what Virtual Organizations are, their supposed benefits and how they might be classified and differentiated.
Meta Description: [ Examines contrasting views of what Virtual Organizations are, their supposed benefits and how they might be classified and differentiated ]
Visionary Marketing.com - Provides advice on strategies to understand buying behavior.
Meta Description: [ Visionary Marketing is aimed at publishing free quality content on strategic marketing and marketing information systems, market research, online internet market surveys, customer relationship management (CRM), marketing methodology, buyer behaviour, chaos and complexity applied to marketing mana... ]
Working Papers - Links to pages where Working Papers in Information Systems may be found. Editor: Robert Davison.
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