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Domestication is a phenomenon whereby a wild biological organism is habituated to survive in the company of, or by the labor of, human beings. Domesticated animals, plants, and other organisms are those whose collective behavior, life cycle, or physiology has been altered as a result of their breeding and living conditions under careful human control for multiple generations. Humans have brought these populations under their care for a wide range of reasons: for help with various types of work, to produce food or valuable commodities (such as wool, cotton, or silk), and to enjoy as pets or ornamental plants. Plants domesticated primarily for aesthetic enjoyment in and around the home are usually called house plants or ornamentals, while those domesticated for large-scale food production are generally called crops. Likewise, animals domesticated for home companionship are usually called pets while those domesticated for food are called livestock or farm animals.

In a related way the notion of domestication is used in domestication theory that describes the process of the 'taming' or appropriation of technology by its users.

History of domestication


The earliest known domestic animal seems to probably have been the dog, likely as early as 15000 BC among hunter-gatherers in several locations. There is early evidence of beekeeping, in the form of rock paintings, dating to 13,000 BC. The next three - the goat, sheep and pig - were domesticated around 10-8000 BC, independently in the Levant and Asia. Recent archaeological evidence from Cyprus indicates domestication of a type of cat by perhaps 7500 BC. The earliest secure evidence of horse domestication, bit wear on horse molars at Dereivka in Ukraine, dates ca 4000BC. The unequivocal date of domestication and use as a means of transport is at the Sintashta chariot burials in the southern Urals, ca 2000 BC. Local equivalents and smaller species were domesticated from the 2500s BC.

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