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Waste Management & Research current issue

Editorial
Vallini, G.
Drivers of sustainable waste management in Asia
Agamuthu, P., Khidzir, K.M., Hamid, F. S.Drivers of sustainable waste management are defined as groups of related factors that influence the development (or lack thereof) of industry. There has been no attempt to reasonably list the drivers that influence sustainable waste management in Asia. In this review, four groups of drivers of sustainable waste management, specifically of Asia, are explained. The four groups of drivers consist of three human elements (human, economic and institutional) and the environment as a single driving group. Typically, the first three groups have been very influential, with the environment driver, noticeably, only considered when preceded by other groups of drivers. The interconnectedness of the drivers and neglect of the environment driver is discussed. It is concluded that while the essence of the four groups of drivers can be found all over Asia, each driving group must be investigated in a local context and all information combined to devise sustainable waste management policies or strategies.
Technology selection for MSW treatment in Altiplano areas using FMDM
Jiang, J., Lou, Z., Hg, S., Duo, J., Li, Z.There are special requirements for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment caused by lower oxygen content and atmospheric pressure on the Altiplano. The intention of this paper was to analyse the applicability of various technologies to MSW treatment in the Altiplano and select the best one based on the current MSW collection modes and technical levels, using the Fuzzy Mathematical Decision Method (FMDM). Technologies including landfill, incineration, composting, and anaerobic digestion (AD) were compared. The results of the studies showed that AD technology is a new technology which is attractive in economic terms and helpful for environmental harmony. AD can solve the difficulties caused by a high content of organic matter in the MSW, lower atmospheric pressure and oxygen content on the Altiplano. Moreover, it can achieve reduction and recycling of the waste, thereby saving space for treatment and disposal. Using this technology, renewable energy can be recovered to save conventional fuel consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases can be reduced to improve the conservation of the local ecosystem. Putting AD into practice in the Altiplano may be the preferred method of MSW treatment.
Developing a fuzzy decision support system to determine the location of a landfill site
Alves, M. C. M., Lima, B. S. L. P., Evsukoff, A. G., Vieira, I. N.This paper presents two case studies of municipal solid waste site location using a decision-support system based on fuzzy logic. This problem is very complex, as it requires the evaluation of different criteria, which involve environmental, social and economic data. Such data deal with a wide range of information that presents not only quantitative, but also qualitative knowledge. In order to deal with this characteristic, the developed system employs fuzzy rules due to its ability to treat linguistic variables and the human way of thinking. Conventional approaches tend to be less effective in dealing with the imprecise or vague nature of the linguistic assessment. A case study for selecting the location of a new municipal solid waste landfill for the city of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro is presented. Testing of the proposed method was carried out using data from the municipal solid waste location for another municipality in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Diesel consumption in waste collection and transport and its environmental significance
Larsen, A. W., Vrgoc, M., Christensen, T. H., Lieberknecht, P.Use of diesel in collection trucks is presumably the most important environmental burden from waste collection because of the emission of exhaust gases from the combustion process. The environmental impact depends not only on the amount of diesel used, but also the on the cleanness of the exhaust gas that is regulated by emission standards. We measured the diesel consumption for 14 different collection schemes in two municipalities in Denmark, yielding a total of 254 measurements. Collection was defined as driving and loading of waste from the first to the final stop on the collection route. All other distances covered were defined as transport of waste, which was modelled in generic transport simulation models. The diesel consumption per tonne of waste in the specified collection schemes turned out to be related to the type of housing and to the amount of waste collected per stop. The observations showed a considerable variation between different collection schemes, ranging from 1.4— 10.1 L diesel tonne— 1 of waste. Assessment of the potential environmental impact by a life-cycle-assessment method showed a substantial decrease over the last decade because of implementation of European emissions standard for diesel trucks. The paper also discusses the importance of energy used for collection and transport in relation to the potential energy savings from waste treatment. In many cases, the net savings exceed significantly the use of diesel.
Behaviour of heavy metals immobilized by co-melting treatment of sewage sludge ash and municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash
Lin, K.-L., Huang, W.-J., Chen, K.-C., Chow, J.-D., Chen, H.-J.This study elucidates the behaviour of heavy metals in slag produced from four different sewage sludge ashes mixed with municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash and then co-melted. Experimental results indicate that sewage sludge ashes consisted of SiO 2, CaO, and Al2O3. Fly ash consisted of CaO, Na2O and SO3. The speciation of sewage sludge ashes indicates that the ashes contained quartz and AlPO4. The speciation in fly ash consisted of anhydrite, microcline, calcium chloride, sylvite and halite. The leaching behaviours of sewage sludge ashes met the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration’s regulatory standards. The fly ash had high concentrations of Zn and Pb; however, the leaching of these metals was low. The major components of synthetic slags were SiO2 (33.5—54.0%), CaO (21.4—36.7%), and Al2O3 (8.1—15.7%). The X-ray diffraction patterns of co-melted slags demonstrate that the slags contained significant amounts of glass. Most heavy metals can be fixed in a net-like structure; thus, they can not be extracted easily. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leaching concentrations for target metals in all slags met the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration’s regulatory standards.

 

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