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System (from the Latin (systēma), and this from the Greek σύστημα (sustēma)) is an assemblage of element comprising a whole with each element related to other elements. Any element which has no relationship with any other element of the system, cannot be a part of that system. A subsystem is then a set of elements which is a proper subset of the whole system.

Every division of an object/entity into systems is arbitrary, therefore it is a subjective abstract concept. The scientific research field which is engaged in the transdisciplinary study of universal systemic properties of the World is the General System Theory or Systems science, it investigates the abstract properties of the matter and mind, their organization, searching concepts and principles which are independent on the specific domain, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scales of existence.

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NPR Topics: Business

Google Turns 10: A Look Back
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 19:08:00 -0400
It's not often that a product or service becomes so pervasive that people start using it as a verb. On the 10th anniversary of Google, a look back on its influence through the lens of popular culture.
China Eyes Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac Bailout
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 17:39:00 -0400
The government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is making waves far off American shores. China is watching the events closely because some 10 percent of China's gross domestic product is invested with the troubled mortgage giants. NPR's Adam Davidson talks with host Jacki Lyden about China's stake in the U.S. mortgage industry.
Paulson: Action on Fannie, Freddie Was Necessary
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 16:45:00 -0400
The federal government today announced its plans for a takeover of the troubled mortgage finance companies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. While U.S. officials had hoped to avoid a bailout, the deterioration of the two companies could no longer be ignored.

Latest financial news - CNNMoney.com

How plan protects taxpayers
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 19:16:43 -0400
Make no mistake. It's hardly delightful for taxpayers that the Treasury had to step in to rescue Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac - the engines of the mortgage market.
Men in suits - few answers
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 18:29:06 -0400
There were no shortage of questions following the announcement Sunday morning of the massive government takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The cost to taxpayers? The outcome for shareholders? Will this bailout lead other big companies to take too much risk?
Fannie, Freddie aftershocks: More bank woes
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 17:40:46 -0400
The takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is likely to cause big problems for hundreds of community banks nationwide and could lead to a new round of bank failures.

The Financial Page

James Surowiecki: What drives market volatility?
James Surowiecki Mon, 25 Aug 2008 04:00:00 -0000
American investors are frazzled. True, oil prices have fallen from their most vertiginous highs, the dollar is a bit stronger, and the stock market has actually risen over the past month. But none of those things have happened in a smooth and steady fashion. The stock market’s “ascent,” in particular . . .
James Surowiecki: Too many stakeholders can be a deal-breaker.
James Surowiecki Mon, 04 Aug 2008 04:00:00 -0000
In the second decade of the twentieth century, it was almost impossible to build an airplane in the United States. That was the result of a chaotic legal battle among the dozens of companies--including one owned by Orville Wright--that held patents on the various components that made a . . .
James Surowiecki: Sponsoring Recklessness
James Surowiecki Mon, 21 Jul 2008 04:00:00 -0000
When do the words “not guaranteed” actually mean “guaranteed”? Whenever the mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are involved. The two companies have long been required to tell investors that their securities are not guaranteed by the federal government. But in the financial markets everyone has always assumed that . . .

Reuters: Business News

U.S. seizes Fannie, Freddie, aims to calm markets
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 19:25:54 -0400
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. government on Sunday seized control of mortgage finance companies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, launching what could be its biggest federal bailout ever, in a bid to support the U.S. housing market and ward off more global financial market turbulence.
Lehman announces senior management changes
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 19:49:21 -0400
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc said on Sunday it has named Eric Felder and Hyung Soon Lee as global co-heads of fixed income, following the departure of current global head Andrew Morton.
Boeing machinists walk off the job as talks fail
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 19:19:27 -0400
NEW YORK/EVERETT, Washington (Reuters) - Boeing Co's 27,000-strong machinists' union walked off the job on Saturday after the plane maker failed to improve its contract offer following two days of emergency talks.

ABC News: Money

84K Jobs Lost, Unemployment Hits 5 Yr High
Fri, 05 Sep 2008 12:28:18 -0400
The job losses were much worse than economists expected.
Foreclosures, Late Payments Break Records
Fri, 05 Sep 2008 15:02:49 -0400
Delinquencies, foreclosures rise to more than 9 percent of U.S. home loans.
High Life: Medical Marijuana's Boomtown
Fri, 05 Sep 2008 13:59:27 -0400
Humboldt Country's high: How one community thrives on legal pot.

BBC News | Business | UK Edition

US takes over key mortgage firms
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 20:42:56 -0000
President Bush says the US is taking over two mortgage giants because they posed "an unacceptable risk" to the economy.
One in four 'facing fuel poverty'
Mon, 08 Sep 2008 00:20:35 -0000
Almost a quarter of the population will be pushed into fuel poverty by the end of next year as prices rise, a report suggests.
Nationwide in talks over mergers
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 16:29:35 -0000
The Nationwide Building Society is in merger talks with two smaller rivals, the Derbyshire and Cheshire Building Societies.

The Economist: Business

The world wide web: The second browser war
Thu, 04 Sep 2008 12:30:35 -0000
Google’s new web browser is its most direct attack on Microsoft yetSEVERAL years ago, Silicon Valley was rife with rumours that Google, then primarily a search engine, might be building a new web browser to rival that of Microsoft, called Internet Explorer, or even an operating system to rival Microsoft’s Windows. Google mocked those rumours and they died down. But if Sergey Brin, Google’s co-founder, is to be believed, the speculation itself made him think that “maybe it’s not a bad idea”. And so this week Google did launch a new browser, called Chrome, that is also, in effect, a new operating system. The rumours, says Mr Brin cheekily, “just happened to migrate from being false to being true”.Chrome amounts to a declaration of war—albeit a pre-emptive one, in Google’s mind—against Microsoft. So far, Google has been coy about admitting the rivalry (whereas Microsoft, especially its boss, Steve Ballmer, is obsessed with it). In web search and advertising, Google dominates—roughly as Microsoft does in operating systems and office applications. To the extent that Google has challenged Microsoft’s core business, it is through Google Docs, its online word-processing, spreadsheet and presentation applications. But these, so far, have few users. ...
Correction: Correction: The business of sport
Thu, 04 Sep 2008 12:30:35 -0000
CorrectionA table in our special report on sport (“Fun, games and money”, August 2nd) put the value of Fiat’s three-year sponsorship of Juventus, an Italian football club, at $134m. The correct figure is $46.8m. Apologies. ...
Face value: Deflating IT
Thu, 04 Sep 2008 12:30:35 -0000
The chief executive of AdventNet, Sridhar Vembu, has a shot at becoming software’s Michael DellSRIDHAR VEMBU is a dangerous man. If he succeeds, a lot of people will lose a lot of money: software developers, consultants, shareholders and others. The chief executive of AdventNet does not have fraud in mind. Instead, he wants to remove what he calls the “value-pad” from corporate IT in general and business software in particular: all those millions of dollars he thinks are wasted on inefficient production structures, marketing and, not least, proprietary standards. “In the world of corporate IT”, he says, “the low-cost revolution is very much unfinished business.”Mr Vembu may have only a fighting chance at becoming software’s answer to Michael Dell, who commoditised much of IT’s hardware business. With revenues of $60m a year and about 900 employees, his firm accounts for a drop in the $3.4 trillion ocean that Gartner, a consultancy, thinks companies will spend on IT this year. And the products he expects to disrupt the IT market, a suite of online offerings for small businesses, have yet to earn much money despite a respectable 1m registered users. Still, his ambitions for Zoho, as he calls the suite, may mark the beginning of the end of the fat years for big Western IT firms, especially the sellers of software. ...

Business News - UPI.com

Yahoo Japan auction users allege ID theft
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 13:23:24 -0400
TOKYO, Sept. 7 (UPI) -- Japanese users of Yahoo Japan Corp.'s auction site say they have been victims of identity theft.
Continental adds single-bag charge
Sun, 07 Sep 2008 01:45:03 -0400
HOUSTON, Sept. 7 (UPI) -- Continental Airlines has joined most other major U.S. carriers by charging economy-class passengers $15 for checking a single bag.
Execs: Guzzler tax won't hurt China sales
Sat, 06 Sep 2008 13:05:09 -0400
BEIJING, Sept. 6 (UPI) -- China's new sales tax on big cars to battle the nation's notoriously dirty air will not significantly reduce sales, an auto import trade-group executive says.
Ford Motor to lay off 600 Chicago workers
Sat, 06 Sep 2008 11:34:50 -0400
CHICAGO, Sept. 6 (UPI) -- At least 600 part-time workers will be laid off as Ford Motor Co. cuts costs at its Chicago assembly plant amid U.S. sales declines, the automaker says.
UPI NewsTrack Business
Sat, 06 Sep 2008 11:14:31 -0400
Boeing Co. machinists on picket lines ... McCain-connected Nevada bank fails ... Takeover of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac likely ... NYT, Trib to dump stand-alone sections ... News from United Press International.
GM to recycle, reuse at plants by 2010
Sat, 06 Sep 2008 10:01:55 -0400
WARREN, Mich., Sept. 6 (UPI) -- General Motors officials say they will recycle or reuse waste at half of their worldwide factories by 2010.

 
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