In its common modern meaning, a mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Compare hinny – the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey. The term "mule" (Latin mulus) was formerly applied to the offspring of any two creatures of different species – in modern usage, a "hybrid". The mule, easier to breed and usually larger in size than a hinny, has monopolised the attention of breeders. The chromosome match-up more often occurs when the jack (male donkey) is the sire and the mare (female horse) is the dam. It has been known for people to let a stallion (male horse) run with a jenny (female donkey) for as long as six years before getting her pregnant. Mules are almost always sterile (see fertile mules below for rare cases), as almost all hinnies are. (see External links). The sterility is attributed to the different number of chromosomes the two species have: donkeys have 62 chromosomes, while horses have 64. Their offspring thus have 63 chromosomes which cannot evenly divide.

A female mule, called a "molly", has estrus cycles and can carry a fetus, as has occasionally happened naturally but also through embryo transfer. The difficulty is in getting the molly pregnant in the first place.

Mules are considered more intelligent than both horses and donkeys.

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USDA Agricultural Research Service

Fire Ant Outcompetes Other SpeciesEven in its Native Habitat
Thu, 02 Jul 2009 08:46:00 -0500
Read the magazine story to find out more. Fire ants have been found to be the most ecologically dominant species in their environment, according to a new ARS study. Photo courtesy of Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org. Nine to 20 individual fire ant queens started U.S. fire ant population   First virus to infect red imported fire ants discovered   Red imported fire ant nemesis gains permanent foothold in Florida Fire Ant Outcompetes Other Species—Even in its Native Habitat By Alfredo Flores July 2, 2009 Even in its native Argentina, the fire ant wins in head-to-head competition with other ant species more than three-quarters of the time, according to Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists. ARS scientists at the South American Biological Control Laboratory (SABCL) in Hurlingham, Argentina, have been studying how different ant species fare against the fire ant as part of an effort to learn more about the behavior of this pest—an invasive species in its non-native United States. Fire ants often attack in swarms--not only causing painful stings to humans, but can even kill small animals. Little has been known, however, about the fire ant's competitive nature or how it interacts with other ants. SABCL biologist Luis Calcaterra, working closely with lab director Juan Briano, has been studying interactions between the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, and other aboveground foraging ants in two habitats in northeastern Argentina—using a combination of pitfall traps and baits to study day-to-day activity in ant communities. The pitfall trap is a 50 milliliter plastic tube buried in the ground and half-filled with soapy water. The bait is one gram of canned tuna placed on a plastic card measuring five centimeters in diameter. The trap and bait gave the scientists a way to determine ant populations at the sites, and showed the dominance of each species. Some 28 ant species coexisted with S. invicta in an open area of forest growing along a watercourse, whereas only 10 species coexisted with S. invicta in the dry forest grassland. The researchers found that the fire ants had the highest numbers in the open forest area along the watercourse. Prior to these studies, it was thought that the fire ant—now established throughout the Americas—was not dominant in its native land. But the studies showed that the fire ants were the most ecologically dominant, winning 78 percent of the interactions with other ants, mostly against its most frequent competitor, the South American big-headed ant, Pheidole obscurithorax, an ant of northern Argentina and Paraguay also introduced in the United States. And in battles with the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, the fire ants were even more dominant, winning out 80 percent of the time. This study was published in Oecologia, a journal that deals with plant and animal ecology. Read more about the research in the July 2009 issue of Agricultural Research magazine. ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
New Bait Lures Varroa Mite to its Doom
Wed, 01 Jul 2009 09:14:00 -0500
Read the magazine story to find out more. ARS scientists have developed a new bait that may help control varroa mites, the top pest of honey bees. Click the image for more information about it. Finding out how genes govern bees' lives   The latest buzz on Russian bees   New test on tap for detecting pesticide-resistant mites New Bait Lures Varroa Mite to its Doom By Jan Suszkiw July 1, 2009 Varroa mites could literally be walking into a trap—thanks to a new attractant developed by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists in Gainesville, Fla. The 1/16-inch long parasite, Varroa destructor, is a top pest of honey bees nationwide, hindering the beneficial insects' ability to pollinate almonds, blueberries, apples, zucchini and many other flowering crops. At the ARS Chemistry Research Unit in Gainesville, research leader Peter Teal and colleagues are testing a bait-and-kill approach using sticky boards and natural chemical attractants called semiochemicals. In nature, Varroa mites rely on these semiochemicals to locate—and then feed on—the bloodlike hemolymph of both adult honey bees and their brood. Severe infestations can decimate an affected hive within several months—and rob the beekeeper of profits from honey or pollinating services. But in this case, the mites encounter a more heady bouquet of honey bee odors that lure the parasites away from their intended hosts and onto the sticky boards, where they starve. In preliminary tests, 35 to 50 percent of mites dropped off the bees when exposed to the attractants. Free-roving mites found the semiochemicals even more attractive, according to Teal. Moreover, the extra dose of semiochemicals wafting through hives didn't appear to significantly interfere with the honey bees' normal behavior or activity, added Teal who, along with postdoctoral associate Adrian Duehl and University of Florida collaborator Mark Carroll, reported the results this past January at the 2009 North American Beekeeping Conference in Reno, Nev. The team hopes ARS' patenting of the Varroa mite attractants will encourage an industrial partner to develop the technology further. Read more about the research in the July 2009 issue of Agricultural Research magazine. ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Spraying Herbicide on Invasive Weeds Doesn't Always Pay
Tue, 30 Jun 2009 09:52:00 -0500
It may not always pay for ranchers to use herbicides to kill exotic invasive weeds on the range, according to a new study. Click the image for more information about it. Knowing where to look for invasive leafy spurge   Seeded pastures can sustain cattle-and native rangelands   USDA Livestock and Range Research Lab expansion unveiled Spraying Herbicide on Invasive Weeds Doesn't Always Pay, Study Shows By Don Comis June 30, 2009 It may not always pay for ranchers to use herbicides to kill exotic invasive weeds such as leafy spurge, according to a 16-year study by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and colleagues. Rangeland ecologist Matt Rinella at the ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory in Miles City, MT, and colleagues conducted the study. Data they collected 16 years after a one-time aerial spraying of herbicide showed that the invasive leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L) may have ultimately increased due to spraying. Conversely, several desirable native forbs were still suffering the effects of spraying 16 years after spraying. Although the herbicide would have dissipated within a few years, it seemed to cause a long-term plant community shift. Any increase in grass production from the herbicide spraying only lasted a year or two. The study was done on the N-Bar Ranch in Montana. Each plot was either grazed and sprayed, grazed but not sprayed, not grazed but sprayed or not grazed or sprayed. Cattle grazing helped maintain native plant numbers when herbicide was used. Cattle grazing can help native forbs thrive because cattle prefer grasses over forbs, and cattle trample soil, loosening soil for seeds that the animals inadvertently plant when seeds are caught in their hooves or fur. That said, when herbicide wasn't used, most native forbs did as well with or without cattle grazing. Herbicide caused the native plants Missouri goldenrod and yarrow to become rarer over the 16-year study period. Barring herbicides, these two species proved capable of co-existing indefinitely with the exotics. Four native perennials became rarer in sprayed plots, but only when grazing was excluded: velvety goldenrod, white prairie aster, vetch, and prairie sagewort. Herbicide spraying caused no long-term harm to four other native perennials. Rockjasmine and other plants belonging to the Androsace spp. group were not affected by the herbicide even initially. The study suggests that applying herbicides over large areas of land containing herbicide-sensitive native plants is sometimes ill-advised. The research was published in the journal Ecological Applications. ARS is the principal intramural scientific research agency in the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

USDA - National Agricultural Statistics Service Reports

Dairy Products
Total cheese output (excluding cottage cheese) was 861 million pounds, 2.6 percent above May 2008 and 1.8 percent above April 2009....
Peanut Prices
Peanut prices received by farmers for all farmer stock peanuts averaged 24.3 cents per pound for the week ending June 27...
Acreage
Corn Planted Acreage Up 1 Percent from 2008. Soybean Acreage Up 2 Percent. All Wheat Acreage Down 5 Percent. All Cotton Acreage Down 4 Percent....
Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin
NASS releases Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin...
Broiler Hatchery
Broiler-Type Eggs Set In 19 Selected States Down 4 Percent. Broiler Chicks Placed Down 5 Percent....

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